Bay
Financial Newsletter
Alternatives for Funding Buy-Sell
Agreements
This is about funding, that is, financing a buyer's
obligation under a business buy-sell agreement. Please feel free to
share this with a relative or friend who owns an interest in a business.
A buy-sell agreement, a legal document requiring a
departing owner to sell and the business and/or remaining owner(s)
to buy the departing owner's interest should be funded by a method
that will facilitate a trouble-free transfer of a business interest
in (at least) the following four contingencies: 1) at the withdrawal
of an owner at a time before retirement, 2) at normal retirement age,
3) in the event of an owner's long-term disability, and 4) at an owner's
death.
Ideally, the method used to provide funds to meet one
or more of these contingencies would have a relatively low cost, be
simple to understand, easy to administer, and not adversely affect
the working capital or credit position of the business.
The probability of the death of at least one of two
business owners at an age prior to 65 is surprisingly high. Expressed
as the number of chances out of 100 that at least one of two business
owners in relatively good health (able to qualify for standard insurance
rates) will die before age 65, the figures, courtesy NumberCruncher
Software, are as follows:
| Ages |
Chances out of 100 |
| 30/30 |
37.5 |
| 40/40 |
35.0 |
| 50/50 |
29.9 |
| 60/60 |
24.7 |
| 30/35 |
44.5 |
| 40/45 |
42.0 |
| 45-50 |
39.7 |
Most buy-sells are funded with life insurance because
it is the only means of guaranteeing that death, the event which creates
the need for cash, also, creates the cash, to satisfy that need.
But there are, of course, alternatives which can be
used to create funds to purchase a business interest, a cash-sinking
fund, borrowing from a bank, and installment payments.
Cash Sinking Fund: Cash has the apparent advantage
of being simple and requiring no immediate outlay. The problem is
that the purchaser does not know precisely when or how much cash will
be needed (or who the survivor will be), and thus must always keep
a large after-tax cash reserve available. Inevitably, cash sinking
funds are inadequate, because death or long-term disability of a working
shareholder is always, premature.
Borrowing: Borrowing has the advantages of being
simple and requiring no outlay until death or disability occurs. The
question is: Will a bank lend money to a business that has just lost
it's most important asset, the person who made the corporation what
it was? If the bank makes the loan, will the terms or rates be reasonable
and affordable from the borrower's viewpoint? How will the cash-flow
demands of repaying the loan impact the operation and credit-worthiness
of the business? How much will the total loan cost?
Installment Payouts: An installment sale is
simple and a relatively small outflow is required each year. Seemingly
nothing is needed until death occurs, so action can be put off for
many years. But the installment payout method merely delays the pain
and obfuscates the full extent of the problem. From the buyer's perspective,
an installment sale merely spreads out the obligation but does not
provide the cash to effect the buy-out. The longer the term of the
payments and greater the obligation, the more adverse the affect on
the credit rating of the business. From the seller's (or seller's
family's) point of view, an installment payout does not provide the
large sums of cash often needed for estate settlement costs, living
expenses, and debts. Furthermore, it entails great risk since it leaves
substantial sums at the risk of a business which has just lost a key
employee.
Life Insurance: Adequate life insurance makes
it possible for a stockholder's surviving spouse or children to immediately
receive the full fair market value of the decedent's business interest
and bail out the business before it could lose value. The presence
of life insurance is excellent evidence to bank loan officers and
other creditors that the shareholders are financially responsible.
Premiums can be viewed loosely as advance installment payments which
are easily budgeted so the event of the buy-out doesn't hurt the cash
flow of the business. If the buyout occurs during lifetime, the cash
values of a life insurance policy can be used to help provide a portion
of the purchase price. These cash values can be obtained from the
policy on a tax-favored basis either by policy loan, withdrawal, or
by a partial surrender of the policy. There is, of course, a cost;
premium dollars are an outlay with a delayed economic benefit. But
this is far offset by the great peace of mind attained by all parties
when the buy-sell is fully and properly funded.
As always, please feel free to call to discuss these
and other matters of interest.
